EPH-International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Science
EPH - International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Science ISSN: 2208-2166 Journal Description The EPH - International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Science (IJBPS) is a premier, open-access platform for the dissemination of high-caliber research within the expansive fields of life sciences and therapeutic development. Published under the stewardship of Southern Cross Academic Press, the journal bridges the gap between fundamental laboratory discovery and clinical application. By adhering to a rigorous double-blind peer-review process, the journal ensures the publication of work that is not only scientifically sound but also contributes significantly to the global body of knowledge. Our mission is to democratize scientific data, providing researchers worldwide with barrier-free access to transformative biological and pharmaceutical insights. Journal Profile Online ISSN 2208-2166 Starting Year 2015 Review Process Double-blind peer review Access Model Open Access (CC BY 4.0) Frequency Quarterly Publication Publisher Southern Cross Academic Press
Homoeopathic Posology In Clinical Practice: A Comparative Review With Modern Drug Dosage Principles And Case-Based Application
Posology, the science of drug dosage, is a fundamental component of homoeopathic therapeutics, guiding the selection of potency, dose, and repetition based on individual patient characteristics. The concept evolved through careful clinical observations that emphasized the need for gentle, rapid, and permanent cure using minimum medicinal stimulus. This article reviews the historical development, philosophical foundations, and clinical application of homoeopathic posology. The evolution of posology is traced from the early use of crude doses to the adoption of infinitesimal doses and potentization, highlighting the progressive refinement of dosing principles. The introduction of single remedy, minimum dose, and individualized prescribing established the core principles that distinguish homoeopathic posology from conventional pharmacological dosage methods. The article further explores modifications introduced in successive editions of classical homoeopathic literature, including the concept of single unit dose, restriction on repetition, water dosing, and the introduction of fifty-millesimal potencies. These advancements enabled more flexible and individualized dose adjustment, minimizing aggravations while enhancing therapeutic response. Factors influencing potency selection—such as susceptibility of the patient, seat of disease, nature and intensity of pathology, stage and duration of illness, and previous treatment—are discussed in detail. Emphasis is placed on the dynamic interaction between remedy and vital force, which determines the dose and repetition schedule. A comparative overview between homoeopathic and modern dosage principles highlights differences in therapeutic philosophy, dose calculation, safety margins, and individualized treatment approaches. While conventional medicine relies on measurable pharmacokinetic parameters and standardized dosing, homoeopathy emphasizes susceptibility, vitality, and totality of symptoms for dose determination. Clinical application is illustrated through case-based reasoning demonstrating selection and modification of potency according to patient response and disease characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2026 EPH-International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Science
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON EVALUATING POLY PHARMACY & ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN TYPE-2 DIABETES WITH GASTROPARESIS
Polypharmacy, defined as the concurrent use of ≥5 medications, remains highly prevalent in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients complicated by gastroparesis—a neuropathic motility disorder stemming from chronic hyperglycemia-induced vagal damage—primarily due to escalating multimorbidity demands for antidiabetics, antihypertensives, prokinetics, statins, and analgesics. This prospective observational study rigorously evaluated its prevalence, sociodemographic/clinical determinants, therapeutic patterns, safety profile, adherence metrics, and quality-of-life impacts in a real-world cohort of 140 adults (aged 30-70 years; 64.3% female, 57.1% rural) managed at the diabetes outpatient department of RVS Hospital, Chittoor, India, over a 6-month period (November 2025–April 2026). Prevalence reached 74.7% (95% CI: 67.2-81.2%; n=112/140), encompassing hyper-polypharmacy (≥10 drugs) in 18.7% (n=28) with a mean of 7.2 ± 2.4 medications per patient—substantially surpassing global T2DM benchmarks (40-60%) and regional studies (e.g., Ethiopian 49%, Saudi 60%). Multivariate logistic regression identified key independent factors: advanced age (>60 years; OR 6.5, 95% CI 2.4-17.3, p=0.001), prolonged diabetes duration (13.8 ± 5.2 vs. 8.4 ± 4.1 years; p=0.001), multimorbidity (≥3 comorbidities in 85.7% vs. 39.5%; OR 8.2, 95% CI 3.1-21.7), suboptimal glycemic control (HbA1c 8.5 ± 1.8% vs. 7.4 ± 1.4%; p=0.002), alongside rural residence and female predominance amplifying regimen complexity. Dominant classes included antidiabetics (94.7%; metformin 82%, glimepiride 65.3%, insulin 28%), antihypertensives (78.7%; atenolol 52%), prokinetics (58%; domperidone 45.3%), and lipid-lowering agents (62%; atorvastatin 52%), with gastroparesis uniquely inflating pill burden via erratic absorption risks. Adverse sequelae were stark: major/minor DDIs in 65.2% vs. 13.2% (p=0.001; e.g., glimepiride-β-blocker hypoglycemia potentiation), probable/definite ADRs in 27.7% vs. 5.3% (p=0.001), hypoglycemia in 21.4%, poor adherence (Morisky-8) in 51.8% from overload, hospitalizations in 67.9% vs. 34.2%, severe gastroparesis (GCSI ≥3) in 40.2% vs. 21.1% (p=0.02), and QoL erosion (EQ-5D VAS 52 ± 15 vs. 68 ± 12; mobility OR 3.4, anxiety OR 4.1). Multimorbidity emerges as the cardinal driver in this high-burden Indian context, mandating pharmacist-led deprescribing, rationalization (glycemic prioritization, prokinetic minimization), and integrated care models to avert modifiable crises and enhance equity in resource-constrained settings.
TAMARIND PULP CATALYSED SYNTHESIS OF N, 7-BIS (SUBSTITUTED PHENYL)-4,7 DIHYDRO-5 ISOPROPYL [1,2,4] TRIAZOLO [1,5-A] PYRIMIDINE-6-CARBOXAMIDE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
[1,2,4] triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidine skeletons are widely used to design many antimicrobial agents. Therefore the synthesis of N-7 bis (substituted pheny) 4,7-dihydro-5-isopropyl –[1,2,4-triazolo-[1,5-a] pyrimidine-6-carboxamide (Pc-1 to Pc-10) was accomplished from 3-amino-1,2,4 triazole, N-(substituted p-chlorophenyl) 4-methyl-3-oxo. pentanamide and aldehydes in domestic micro woven for 10min. Synthesized aromatic compounds (Pc 1 to Pc10) were characterized by elemental analyses, M.P., I.R. and 1HNMR spectroscopic studies. All newly synthesized compounds were assessed for their antibacterial and antifungal activity.
N-(substituted p-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-3-oxo-pentanamide
Copyright (c) 2025 EPH-International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Science
Urticaria, commonly referred to as hives, is a frequently encountered dermatological disorder characterized by the sudden onset of transient wheals accompanied by intense itching, erythema, and localized swelling of the skin. These eruptions may vary in size and distribution, often appearing and disappearing within hours, yet recurring unpredictably. While many cases are acute and self-limiting, chronic or recurrent urticaria poses a therapeutic challenge and can markedly affect a patient’s physical comfort, sleep quality, emotional stability, and overall quality of life. The underlying mechanism involves mast cell degranulation and the release of mediators such as histamine, leading to increased vascular permeability and dermal edema. A wide range of precipitating factors—including infections, dietary triggers, drugs, climatic variations, stress, and autoimmune processes—may contribute to the onset or persistence of symptoms. Proper evaluation requires careful clinical assessment and differentiation from other dermatological and allergic conditions. Homoeopathy approaches urticaria through an individualized framework that considers the totality of symptoms, constitutional tendencies, and miasmatic background. Instead of merely suppressing cutaneous manifestations, it seeks to address the deeper susceptibility that predisposes the individual to recurrent episodes. Remedy selection is guided by characteristic modalities, concomitant symptoms, mental and emotional traits, and causative factors. This article explores the clinical presentation, pathophysiological aspects, differential diagnosis, and homoeopathic management of urticaria, blending classical principles with practical case-based insights to provide a comprehensive understanding of the condition.
ORAL FILM DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR BETAHISTINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE: CURRENT PERSPECTIVES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
The development of fast-dissolving oral thin films has recently followed the progression of dosage forms from straight forward ordinary tablets and capsules to modified release tablets and capsules, oral disintegrating tablets, and wafers. A hydrophilic polymer used in fast- dissolving oral thin films quickly hydrates or adheres when applied on the tongue or in buccal cavity. These films melt or disintegrate in a matter of seconds, releasing the active ingredient without need for drinking or chewing. A drug-containing thin film with surface area of 5 to 20 cm2 is called an oral dissolving film. The maximum single dose of the drugs that can be loaded is 30mg. As opposed to tablets, several pharmaceutical companies are now producing oral thin films that dissolve quickly. Films combine the benefits of liquid dosage forms with those of tablets, such as exact dose and simple administration (easy swallowing, rapid bioavailability. At the same time, it gives a general overview of crucial formulation design factors that have an impact on thin films, such as thin film design, anatomical and physiological constraints, choice of the best manufacturing processes, characterization techniques, and the physicochemical properties of drugs and polymers. Fast-dissolving or al thin films can be used for a variety of purposes, including sublingual and gastro-retentive delivery systems in addition to buccal fast-dissolving systems. Future uses might involve employing laminated multilayer films to combine incompatible active medicinal components into a single product.
ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF SCABIES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN A SELECTED SCHOOL
Background: The Latin term "scab ere," which means to scratch, is the source of the English word "scabies." The name Sarcoptesscabiei comes from the Greek words "sark" (to smite or to cut) An exceedingly tiny arthropod is known as Sarcoptesscabiei or Acarusscabiei. The bare eye can hardly make it out. Sized at 0.4 millimetres. It is an ectoparasite of humans, where it breeds and lives while spreading the scabies disease. The arachnid Sarcoptes scabiei and the Itch mites are responsible for the highly contagious skin condition known as scabies. Itching that is worse at night, papules, vesicles, and pustules in the preferred site are used to diagnose Objectives: 1) To evaluate the pre-test knowledge level in regards to preventing and managing scabies amid the primary school teachers. 2) To evaluate the effectiveness of teaching that is planned in regards to preventing and managing scabies amid the school teachers of the chosen primary school. 3) To identify the post-test knowledge level in regards to preventing and managing scabies amid the primary school teachers with the chosen demographic variables. Methods and Materials: - In this study, a quantitative research style was employed. The sample size for this quantitative research is 43. The research will be carried out at a primary school in a rural community. Result: Primary school instructors from a selected school are being studied in this study. As the five per cent level of significance, this is much less than the calculated 'F' value of 5.36. In addition, the resulting 'p'=0.003 was significantly lower than the acceptable, Importantly 'p'=0.05. It is stated that primary school teachers' age is connected to their after-the-test knowledge score. Conclusion: The current pre-experimental study aided in determining. The success of organised training on scabies prevention and treatment knowledge between primary school teachers in a chosen school. The study's findings also shed light on evolving standards regarding scabies awareness among elementary school teachers.
A STUDY ON DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS INDUCED BY EXCESS ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE AND ITS APPROACH THROUGH HOMOEOPATHY
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is an obstructive disease with a hindering venous reflux mechanism. DVT usually involves the lower limb venous system, with a clot formation originating in a deep calf vein and propagating proximally.12 It is estimated that approximately 1 million people are diagnosed with DVT each year. Approximately 3,00,000 dies of venous thromboembolic complications, which exceeds that of acute myocardial infraction or acute stroke.3 The estimated incidence in the population at risk, adjusted for age and sex, is higher in men (130 events on 1,00,000 subjects) than in women (110 on 1,00,000 subjects). In fact, in younger populations, women have higher incidence of thromboembolic events linked to hormonal fluctuations that change the ratio between estrogen and progesterone, as occurs during pregnancy and puerperium.1 Birth control pills can slightly increase the risk of developing blood clots, including DVT. The risk of developing a blood clot is highest in the first year of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use. The risk decreases after the first year but remains until the pills are stopped.14 women taking OCCP have higher risk of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT), usually in the legs, and this may lead to pulmonary embolism, a serious complication. For every 1,00,000 women aged 15-44 years not taking pill, approximately 5-10 are likely to develop blood clot in 1 year and this risk increases 3-4 times in those using second-generation OCCP and 6-8 times in those using third-generation OCCP.
IDENTIFYING COMMON PROTEIN TARGET FOR COVID-19 AND EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS USING NETWORK ANALYSIS
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and a rare autoimmune disorder Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) share key immune dysregulation mechanisms despite their distinct pathologies. This study uncovers the relationship between genes involved in COVID-19 and EGPA by network analysis approach to identify common potential therapeutic targets for the conditions . By comparing disease-associated genes retrieved from databases CTD, GeneCards and DisGeNET, 154 common genes expressed in both the disease conditions were identified. Protein-Protein Interaction network analysis revealed 10 hub proteins, which are central to immune responses, inflammation, and cytokine signaling pathways. Functional enrichment analyses of these genes using databases Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG, and Reactome, highlight shared pathways such as IL-6 and TNF signaling, which are critical in both diseases. Transcription factor network analysis pinpointed NF-κB as a central regulator of inflammatory responses. This research underscores the interconnectedness of COVID-19 and EGPA, emphasizing potential therapeutic targets like NF-κB for managing inflammation and disease progression in both conditions.
THE SCIENCE OF LACTATION AND THE ROLE OF HOMEOPATHY IN ENHANCING MILK PRODUCTION
Lactation is the process of milk secretion from mammary glands after childbirth. Breast milk is the natural first food for newborns.1 It provides all the energy and nutrients that an infant needs for first six months of life.2 Beside its importance, many mothers face challenges related to insufficient milk production, issue includes involving multiple factors like physiological, psychological and environmental which influence the issue. This article explores the developmental and structural anatomy, hormonal influences, applied physiology, and other factors which disrupt in the lactation. The importance of breastfeeding, which plays crucial role in maintaining developmental health of early infant, and also adds to maternal health. The article explores the problems in lactation and therapeutic approach of homeopathy.
SYNTHESIS OF 2-AMINO-5-ARYL-1,3,4-THIADIAZOLE CATALYZED BY ORANGE JUICE AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
Amongst sulfur and nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds the 2-aminothiadizole scaffold is one of the characteristic structures in drug development as this essential revelation has several biological activities abiding it to act as an anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent, among other things. Additionally, various 2-aminothiadizole-based derivatives as medical drugs have been broadly used to remedy different kinds of diseases with high therapeutic influence, which has led to their wide innovations. Owing to their wide scale of biological activities their structural variations have produced attention amongst medicinal chemists. This compound was synthesized using biocatalyst orange juice which minimize reaction duration and enhance yield. Maximum compounds shows antibacterial and anti-fungal activities.
LATE SCLEROTIC PHASE DIAGNOSIS OF PAGET'S DISEASE OF BONE: A CASE REPORT
Background: Paget’s disease of bone (PDB), is a chronic skeletal disorder marked by abnormal bone remodeling due to increased osteoclastic activity followed by disorganized osteoblastic bone formation. It commonly affects older adults and present with pain, deformities, or fractures. Methods: A 64-year-old male with Parkinsonism and hypertension, who reported chronic low back and groin pain. Laboratory evaluation revealed markedly elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (422.2 U/L), and MRI imaging showed suggestive of PDB in the late sclerotic phase. Results: A single intravenous dose of zoledronic acid (5 mg) was administered, resulting in symptom relief and planned biochemical follow-up. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation were initiated to prevent treatment-related complications. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary team involving physicians, clinical pharmacists, and nurses was critical in ensuring optimal care, preventing complications, and improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS ON CYPRINUS CARPIO
Ecological environments, as well as human populations, are greatly affected by water pollution, which is a widespread environmental issue. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is often utilized as a sentinel species to assess the impacts of aquatic pollutants. In this study, the impacts of water pollutants, especially lambda-cyhalothrin, on tissue structures of Cyprinus carpio, specifically the gills, liver, kidneys, and intestines, are investigated. In a controlled 30-day laboratory exposure study involving two groups, namely one treated with contaminated water of the Narmada River located near Bhopal, India, and another kept in pristine water, after the period of exposure, histopathological techniques were used to analyze tissue-level changes and organ injuries. The treated group had major pathological changes of necrosis, epithelial hyperplasia, and cellular degeneration, where the maximum injury was noted to be in the gills. The liver, kidneys, and intestines of the exposed fish also exhibited major structural abnormalities from the control group. These observations highlight the adverse effect of pesticide contamination on the health of fish and underscore the utility of histopathology as a diagnostic technique in aquatic toxicology. The research provides valuable information on lambda-cyhalothrin's sublethal impacts, and it supports stronger water quality monitoring and pollution control measures to protect aquatic biodiversity for generations to come.
Copyright (c) 2019 International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Science
ROLE OF PANCHKARMA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DUSHTA VRANA
Dushta Vrana, as classified in Ayurveda, represents chronic non-healing wounds that persist as a major healthcare challenge worldwide, negatively affecting patient quality of life and increasing healthcare costs. Traditional approaches fail to achieve full recovery, so Ayurvedic medicine presents an integrated healthcare system based on doshic balance and systematic purification principles. The foundational therapeutic practice of Panchkarma in Ayurvedic medicine includes Vamana, Virechana, Basti, Nasya, and Raktamokshana. These five core procedures support detoxification, rejuvenation, and the targeted treatment of pathophysiological factors underlying chronic wounds. This study gathers knowledge from ancient medical texts with present-day medical studies to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the Panchkarma treatment approaches for Dushta Vrana. Research evidence demonstrates that these therapeutic practices possess anti-inflammatory properties along with antimicrobial effects, immunomodulation, and the ability to quicken both wound healing and tissue restoration processes. The current studies are constrained in their field by inconsistent methodologies and insufficient large-scale controlled research protocols. Manufacturing Panchkarma therapies faces barriers because standard protocols need refinement and healthcare providers need training, and these approaches need to connect to standard medical practices. Several treatments implemented simultaneously from Panchkarma and wound treatment traditions create an integrated healthcare solution capable of integrating traditional medical approaches with contemporary medical systems. Research collaboration between different disciplines, together with improvements in regulations, must continue to establish Panchkarma as a complete solution for chronic wound treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Science
ADVANCES IN OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR THE TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF CATARACTS: A REVIEW
Cataracts remain the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide, primarily managed through surgical intervention. However, growing interest in pharmacological strategies for prevention and adjunct therapy has propelled innovation in ocular drug delivery systems. This review outlines the pathophysiology of cataracts, evaluates the limitations of conventional treatment methods, and presents recent advancements in drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, in situ gels, contact lenses, and microneedles. These systems offer targeted, sustained, and non-invasive delivery of therapeutic agents, potentially transforming cataract management.
IN-SITU OPHTHALMIC GELS: A SMART APPROACH TO OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY — A REVIEW
The eye is the body's most delicate organ. Because of the eye's complex anatomy, small absorptive surface, low transparency of the cornea, lipophilicity of the corneal epithelium, pre-corneal loss (from nasolacrimal drainage), bonding of the drug with proteins in tear fluid, blinking, low conjunctival sac capacity, and ultimately poor ocular therapy, designing an ocular drug delivery system is the most difficult task for pharmaceutical scientists. This overview discusses the polymers utilised, research advancements in the field, and the in situ gelling mechanism, which turns liquid formulations into gels under specific physiological or environmental conditions. In situ ocular gels for drug delivery go through this change when they come into touch with the ocular surface. Various processes, contingent on the gel's composition and intended characteristics, are responsible for this transformation. In situ gelling enhances drug retention, bioavailability, and contact time by causing the liquid formulation to solidify into a gel upon contact with ocular tissues. Common methods of in situ ocular gel formation include temperature-, pH-, and ion-induced gelation. These gels offer a versatile and efficient platform while resolving a number of issues with the present ocular therapeutic administration methods.
nano particle laden insitu gelling approach
ROLE OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN BREAST CANCER PROGRESSION.
Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease and represents the tumor formation through non-controlled cellular proliferation in the breast tissue. To understand the concept of breast cancer, one has to study the types, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and latest research about the disease[1].While breast cancer remains a premier health concern, the advances made in research methods and tools, early detection and treatments have dramatically improved survival rates and quality of life for many patients [2].The incidence rates for breast cancer have been on the increase due to increased awareness, better diagnostic facilities and changes in lifestyle[3].The Wnt signaling pathway normally plays a very fundamental role in cell growth, differentiation and embryonic development. Understanding this pathway is important for the development of targeted therapies and advanced understanding in the advancement of regenerative medicine[4].HCCRI is an abbreviation of Human Cervical cancer Related 1, a gene implicated in the development of cancer especially in cervical cancer. It encodes for a protein involved in regulating all proliferation and apoptosis. Overexpression of HCCRI has been implicated in tumor progressions and prognosis in various cancers. Research indicates that HCCRI could be utilized as a biomarker for diagnosis in cancer and prognosis while the targeting of HCCRI can offer new therapeutic strategies in managing cancer[5].The TIMP2 gene encodes a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2-a protein that plays a critical role in regulating extracellular matrix remodeling through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases. This inhibition controls the degradation and remodeling of tissue leading to various physiological processes such as wound healing and embryogenesis. TIMP2 is involved in maintaining tissue integrity and has been implicated in various pathological conditions including cancer metastasis and cardiovascular diseases. It operates by binding to MMPs, thus preventing their activity and subsequent breakdown of extracellular characterized by excessive tissue remodelling or insufficient tissue repair[6].
The winglees-related integration site (wnt)) singnalling pathway
The HCCRI (Human Cervical cancer Related 1) gene
The TIMP2 (Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 2) gene.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES
The worldwide increase of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains requires immediate development of alternative antimicrobial medicines. Medical plants possess therapeutic properties because of their bioactive phytochemicals which demonstrate antimicrobial action. Secondary metabolites produced by plants including alkaloids and flavonoids and tannins and saponins and terpenoids demonstrate inhibitory properties against different harmful microorganisms. The analysis of antibacterial medicinal plants in this study evaluates their potential to combat Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli bacterial infections. The conventional qualitative and quantitative techniques were used for phytochemical screening to detect important secondary metabolites. Scientists utilized the disc diffusion method to measure inhibition zone widths for evaluating antibacterial activities of these plant extracts. They conducted the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay to find the lowest effective concentration which halted bacterial growth. Plants containing elevated levels of alkaloids together with phenolic chemicals and flavonoids demonstrated the strongest antibacterial properties. Two of the selected plants demonstrated significant inhibitory properties against S. aureus and E. coli through their active compounds in Ocimum sanctum (holy basil) and Curcuma longa (turmeric). These findings demonstrate the potential of medicinal plants strong in phytochemicals as a viable natural antibacterial agent source. These bioactive substances work by disrupting bacterial membranes, inhibiting enzymes, and interfering with the creation of proteins. These plant-derived chemicals may be utilized as supplemental or alternative antimicrobial agents to treat bacterial infections, especially those brought on by drug-resistant strains, due to their natural origin and broad-spectrum activity. In order to create plant-based antibacterial medicines, more study on the separation, purification, and structural characterisation of these phytochemicals as well as their therapeutic uses would be essential.
OUTCOMES OF SOY PROTEIN CONSUMPTION ON THE BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF PLASMA IN HUMAN VOLUNTEERS - POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
In the recent decade the pre and post menopausal complications and symptoms are increasing alarmingly posing a multidisciplinary intervention. Various chronic & temporary diseases in postmenopausal women are caused by rapid changes in hormones and stressful conditions and are accompanied by rapid changes in body composition (muscle, bone, and fat). In order to maintain a healthy body composition and overall well being the post menopausal women in the ageing society are ingesting high quality protein foods these days. Literature is proving the beneficial effects of soy protein in post menopausal women as soy proteins are rich in isoflavones. Nutrigenomics and personalized nutrition are taking big seat in treating the subjects. But there is is limited /no public data available on the consumption of soy protein – and its impact on various plasma parameters. In conjunction with this, the present study was aimed at the impact of various types of soy proteins on the plasma parameters of female human volunteers aged 45± 7 years mean age being 45 years for a period of 12 weeks. The present study is showing hypoglycemic effect and has impact on lipid profile with less significant changes on proteins, but much intensive research has to be done to establish the results
A PREVALENCE STUDY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF WORK ACCIDENTS AMONG THE MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING WORKERS OF THE CENTRAL MARKET AREA IN AGARTALA CITY, WEST TRIPURA
One of the most important central market areas of Agartala city is the Maharajganj Bazaar (Gol Bazar) where material handling, loading, and unloading work is a continuous process. Manual material handling (MMH), being a strenuous work often leads to injuries, accidents, and even death. Fifty MMH workers of the central market area in Agartala city were selected to identify the risk factors contributing to accidents. A standardized modified Nordic questionnaire was performed. Analysis of working postures by OWAS method was done and history of accident cases was collected. It was revealed that most accidents, being struck by objects and slipping and falling, have occurred during lifting and carrying loads. Accident records suggested that few accident cases have reached the hospitals indicating a general negligence of attending the hospitals.
THE MEDICINAL POTENTIAL OF ARNEBIA BENTHAMII IN WOUND HEALING FROM TRADITIONAL USES TO MODERN THERAPEUTICS.
Arnebia benthamii, commonly known as Ratanjot, has been traditionally used in herbal medicine for its potent wound-healing properties. This review explores its medicinal potential, tracing its journey from traditional applications to modern therapeutics. Rich in bioactive compounds such as alkannins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, A. benthamii exhibits antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties that accelerate wound healing. Traditional practices have long utilized its extracts for treating cuts, burns, and ulcers, often in the form of ointments or decoctions. Recent pharmacological studies provide scientific validation for these traditional claims, demonstrating the plant's ability to enhance fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis-key processes in tissue regeneration. Moreover, its antimicrobial activity against wound-associated pathogens underscores its potential as a natural alternative to synthetic antibiotics. Nanotechnology and drug delivery advances have further explored its integration into hydrogel dressings and biomaterials for enhanced wound care. Despite its promising therapeutic applications, challenges such as standardization, bioavailability, and clinical validation remain. Future research should focus on detailed mechanistic studies, clinical trials, and formulation development to harness its full potential in modern medicine. This review highlights A. benthamii as a valuable candidate for innovative wound care solutions, bridging the gap between traditional medicine and contemporary pharmacology.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Science
YAKRIT SHARIR IN AYURVEDA: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW
The concept of Yakrit (liver) is pivotal in Ayurvedic medicine, reflecting its comprehensive understanding of physiology, pathology, and therapeutic strategies. This review aims to elucidate the anatomical and physiological aspects of Yakrit as depicted in classical Ayurvedic texts, correlating them with modern scientific insights to foster an integrative approach to hepatic health.
Community Pharmacy Interventions in Antibiotic Stewardship: A Narrative Overview and Educational Perspectives
Antibiotic stewardship is crucial in combating the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. Community pharmacies, being accessible healthcare providers, play a vital role in promoting appropriate antibiotic use. This narrative overview examines various community pharmacy interventions aimed at enhancing antibiotic stewardship and explores their implications for pharmacy education. Through patient education, adherence monitoring, and collaboration with healthcare providers, community pharmacies have demonstrated effectiveness in improving antibiotic use and reducing resistance. However, significant barriers such as limited resources, inadequate training, and lack of awareness persist. This review highlights the need for integrating antibiotic stewardship principles into pharmacy curricula to better prepare future pharmacists. By addressing educational gaps and enhancing training programs, pharmacy education can equip pharmacists with the necessary skills and knowledge to contribute effectively to antibiotic stewardship efforts. The findings underscore the importance of policy support and continued research to optimize the role of community pharmacies in antibiotic stewardship. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of community pharmacy interventions, identifies challenges, and offers recommendations for educational improvements to ensure pharmacists are well-prepared to combat antibiotic resistance in their practice.
Copyright (c) 2020 International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Science
NUTRITIONAL AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF SPIRULINA: MINI REVIEW
Spirulina, blue green algae has high protein content (50-60%), antioxidant content, fatty acid content , and is currently utilized as nutritional supplement around the world. Composition of amino acid in Spirulina ranks among the best in the plant world. Spirulina, a blue green microalga found in alkaline water bodies, has antioxidant, anti-tumor, antiobesity, and anti-diabetic properties. Its high nutritional value and diverse applications make it a "wonder medicine." Spirulina contains high-quality protein, vitamins, amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and pigments, including beta-carotene. It is used as a nutraceutical food supplement and has a long history of use as a food source. Studies show Spirulina has promising biological activities like antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, effects due to its natural constituents, including antioxidants and scavenging activities. Spirulina is used as a nutraceutical food supplement and has a long history of use as food service.
Copyright (c) 2024 EPH - International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Science
Impact of Health Information Technology on Workflow Efficiency and Patient Safety in Pharmacy Practices: A Critical Review
This critical review examines the impact of Health Information Technology (HIT) on workflow efficiency and patient safety in pharmacy practices. As healthcare environments become increasingly reliant on digital solutions, HIT systems like Electronic Health Records (EHRs), e-prescribing, and automated dispensing machines have become fundamental in redefining operational procedures. This paper synthesizes evidence from recent studies, case analyses, and systematic reviews to explore how these technologies enhance operational flows and safeguard patient health. The review highlights that while HIT significantly contributes to reducing medication errors and improving service delivery speeds, challenges such as system interoperability, alert fatigue, and the necessity for continuous staff training persist. Moreover, it discusses how the proper implementation of HIT can mitigate these issues, facilitating better clinical decisions and enhancing patient outcomes. Through a comprehensive analysis, the paper advocates for a nuanced understanding of HIT's dual impact on enhancing workflow efficiency and elevating patient safety standards in pharmacy practices, urging for advancements in technology integration and policy adjustments to maximize potential benefits.
Copyright (c) 2018 EPH - International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Science
DRUGS – CHEMICAL NATURE, STRUCTURE AND MODE OF ACTION
Drugs are substances of low molecular weight that are used to prevent, treat, diagnose or relieve symptoms of a diseased condition. Drugs can block the binding site of enzymes and prevent binding of substrate. They may be antagonists as they bind to receptor site. Antacids cure acidity while tranquilizers treat stress. Analgesics relieve pain and antibiotics destroys microbes. Antiseptics and disinfectants kill or check growth of microbes.
VERMICASTING: THE PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTES THROUGH EARTHWORMS.
Vermicomposting is a sustainable waste management technique that utilizes earthworms to convert organic waste into nutrient-rich vermicompost. This process yields a high-quality biofertilizer with diverse microbial communities, enhancing soil health and crop productivity. Through the interaction of earthworms and microorganisms, organic matter is broken down into a finely degraded substance resembling peat. Vermicompost is enriched with essential plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, making it an eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers. Research has shown that vermicomposting improves soil structure, moisture retention, and nutrient availability, leading to better crop yields and overall soil health. Additionally, vermicomposting reduces environmental pollution and promotes sustainable agriculture by minimizing reliance on chemical in puts. It offers numerous benefits, including social, economic, and environmental advantages, making it a valuable practice for waste management and agricultural sustainability
PHYTO-REMEDIES FOR SOIL RESTORATION: A DEEP DIVE INTO BRASSICA'S PLANT CAPABILITIES IN CADMIUM REMOVAL
One of the most critical environmental problems is heavy metal pollution, which is made worse by the impact of certain industries in certain nations. One of the primary hazardous heavy metals found in soil is cadmium (Cd). Soil cadmium pollution is a worldwide problem. All soils contain cadmium, a naturally occurring metal that comes from both geogenic and human sources. Cadmium has an impact on people, plants, and soil microorganisms. A disruption in the intake and translocation of mineral nutrients and a disruption in plant metabolism may cause Cd toxicity in crops, which can impede the growth and development of the plants. Some of the approaches used to remove heavy metal pollution from the air include physical, chemical, and biological. It is crucial to bear in mind that some of these have time or money limits. In situ, immobilization, phytoremediation, and natural approaches are the best ways to remove metal(loid) from the soil presently. Some of the remediation solutions included phytoremediation of Cd metal from Soil, highlighting the in-situ immobilization strategy as a particularly efficient way to remove Cd from soils. Heavy metals should not penetrate the atmosphere, established order, or exposure to people and animals as part of remediation activities at a contaminated site." All of these site-specific characteristics impact the treatment procedure applied at any particular site, including soil type, synthetic chemical type, and depth of contamination. In this study, we examine several molecular techniques for reducing Cd accumulation in grains and discuss new developments in the molecular processes of Cd accumulation in cereal crops
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON ANESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
This research paper delves into the global landscape of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, presenting a comprehensive overview of current research findings and identifying future directions in these critical medical fields. The study encompasses a wide spectrum of topics, ranging from emerging technologies and innovative therapeutic approaches to patient safety, quality improvement, and ethical considerations. Drawing from a global perspective, the paper presents a synthesis of international research efforts, identifying common trends, regional variations, and disparities in healthcare practices. It also discusses collaborative initiatives aimed at improving global standards and fostering knowledge exchange among healthcare communities. It discusses the ethical considerations inherent in the practice of anesthesia and intensive care medicine, emphasizing the importance of maintaining patient welfare and safety
THE INTERSECTION OF TECHNOLOGY AND PATIENT CARE IN ANESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE: A RESEARCH SYNTHESIS
This research synthesis explores the dynamic intersection of technology and patient care within the realms of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine. As technological advancements continue to reshape the landscape of healthcare, this study synthesizes current research findings to provide a comprehensive overview of how technology is influencing and enhancing patient care in these critical medical disciplines. The paper reviews cutting-edge technologies implemented in anesthesia and intensive care, including the integration of artificial intelligence, digital health solutions, telemedicine, and advanced monitoring devices. It examines how these technologies contribute to precision medicine, improve diagnostic accuracy, optimize treatment strategies, and enhance overall patient outcomes
FROM SINGLE CELLS TO SUBPOPULATIONS: EXPLORING CELL CLUSTERING IN TRANSCRIPTOMICS
of single-cell analysis. This progress enables researchers to delve into the intricate world of gene expression profiles atthe level of individual cells. One of the pivotal endeavors in transcriptomics is to explore cell clustering, where cells aregrouped based on their gene expression patterns, allowing for the identification and characterization of distinctsubpopulations. This process provides a profound understanding of cellular heterogeneity and its implications in variousfields, from developmental biology to disease research. In this abstract, we elucidate the significance of exploring cellclustering in transcriptomics, highlight the role of cutting-edge clustering algorithms, and emphasize the insights that canbe gained from this approach. By visualizing and comprehending cell subpopulations, we unlock the potential to uncovernovel cell types, dissect disease mechanisms, and advance personalized medicine. The journey from single cells tosubpopulations in transcriptomics is a transformative one, fostering new perspectives and driving innovative discoveriesin the life sciences.