EVALUATION OF THE MICROBIAL TOXICITIES OF 4, 5-DICHLOROIMIDAZOLE AND ITS MN (II), NI (II), AND ZN (II) COMPLEXES
Main Article Content
Abstract
4, 5-Dichloroimidazole (4,5-DCI) was synthesized, recrystallized from water and characterized using spectroscopic methods. It was screened for its antimicrobial activities against five bacterial strains namely: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus strain CF7, Bacillus thuringensis strain EB151, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 335K55, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PG1. These microorganisms were very sensitive to the compound. Their sensitivities were increased appreciably by the Ni2+ and Mn2+ complexes of 4,5-dichloroimidazole and reduced by its Zn2+ complex. The sensitivities of these microorganisms towards these compounds were higher than their sensitivities towards Levofloxacin – a reference antibacterial.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
. Jain, A.K., Ravichandran, V., Sisodiya, M. and Agrawal, R.K. (2010). Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2substituted-4,5-diphenyl-N-alkyl imidazole derivatives. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 471, 4
. Sharma V. and Khan, M.S. (2001). Synthesis of novel tetrahydroimidazole derivatives and studies for their biological properties. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 36, 651-658
. Zampieri, D., Mamolo, M.G., Laurini, E., Scialino, G., Banfi, E. and Vio, L. (2008). Antifungal and antimycobacterial activity of 1-(3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol4-yl)-1H-imidazole derivatives. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 16(8), 4516–4522.
. Sharma, D., Narasimhan, B., Kumar, P., Judge, V., Narang, R. and DeClereq, E. (2009). Synthesis, antimicrobial and antiviral evaluation of substituted imidazole derivatives. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 44, 2347-2353
. Duru, I.A., Ngochindo, R.I., and Duru, C.E. (2014). Enhancement of the bioactivity of 4,5-dibromoimidazole by its Co(II) complex. International Organization of Scientific Research Journal Of Applied Chemistry 7(9), 28– 32
. Khabnadideh, S., Rezaei, A.A., KhalafiNezad, A., Bahrinajafi, R., Mohamadi, R. And Farrokhroz, A.A. (2003). Synthesis of N-alkylated derivatives of imidazoles as antifungal agents. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letter, 13, 2863-2865
. Sunderland, M.R., Cruikshank, R.H. and Leighs, S.J. (2014). The efficacy of antifungal azole and antiprotozoal compounds in the protection of wool from keratin-digesting insect larvae.
. Textile Research Journal, 84(9): 924-931 8. Ogata, M and Matsumoto, H. (1987). Synthesis and antifungal activity of new 1-vinylimidazoles. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 30, 1348-1354.
. Zhan, P., Liu, X., Zhu, J., Fang, Z., Li, Z., Pannecouque C. and Clercq, E.D. (2009). Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazole thioacetanilides as novel non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 17(16), 5775–5781.
. Alkahtani, H.M., Abbas, A.Y., and Wang, S. (2012). Synthesis and biological evaluation of benzo[d]imidazole derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letter, 22(3), 1317–1321.
. Baroniya, S., Anwer, Z., Sharma, P.K., Dudhe, R., and Kumar, N. (2010). Recent advancement in imidazole as anticancer agents. A review. Der Pharmacia Sinica, 1(3), 172-182.
. Wang, X., Liu, L. and Li, Y. et al. (2013). Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel hybrid compounds of imidazole scaffold-based 2benzylbenzofuran as potent anticancer agents. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 62, 111–121.
. Ucucu, U., Karanburun, N.G and Isikdag, I. (2001). Synthesis and analgesic activity of some i-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5diphenyl-1H-Imidazole derivatives. Il Farmaco, 56, 285-290
. Kankala, S., Kankala, R.K., Prasad, G., Thota, ., Nerella, S., Gangula, M.R., Guguloth, H., Kagga, M., Vadde, R. and Vasam, C.S. (2013). Regioselective synthesis of isoxazolemercaptobenzimidazole hydride and their in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity studies. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 45, 2245-2249
. Steel, H.C., Tintinger, G.R. and Anderson, R. (2008). Comparison of the anti-inflammatory activities of imidazole antimycotics in relation to molecular structure. Chemical Biology Drug Design, 72(3), 225-228
. Iqbal, M.S., Ahmad, A.R., Sabir, M., and Asad, S.M. (1999). Preparation, characterization and biological evaluation of copper (II) and zinc (II) complexes with cephalexin. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 51(4), 371-375
. Revanasiddappa, H.D., Shivakumar, L., Prasad, K.S. Vijay, B., and Jayalakshmi, B. (2012). Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Manganese (II) Complexes with Biologically Important Drugs. Chemical Sciences Journal, 3, 64-73
. Lutz, A.W. and Delorenzo, S. (1967). Novel halogenated imidazoles, Chloroimidazoles. Journal of heterocyclic chemistry, 4(3): 400-401.
. Cowan, S.T. and Steel, K.J. (1965). Manual of Identification of Medical Bacteria. Cambridge University Press, New York. 1-40.
. Ogueke, C.C., Jude, N., Okoli, I.C., and Anyanwu, B.N. (2007). Antibacterial activities and toxicological potentials of crude ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta, Journal of American Science, 3(3):11- 16
. Akujobi, C., Anyanwu, B.N., Onyeze, C. and Ibekwe, V.I. (2004). Antibacterial Activities and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Four Medicinal Plants. Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(3): 4328 – 4338.
. Esimone, C.O., Adiukwu, M.U. and Okonta, J.M. (1998). Preliminary Antimicrobial Screening of the Ethanolic
Extract from the Lichen Usnea subfloridans (L). Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 3(2): 99-102